Develop and use a model to describe why structural changes to genes (mutations) located on chromosomes may affect proteins and may result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects to the structure and function of the organism.

Grade 10 Biology Capstone Project Project MUTANT ACADEMY STANDARDS COVERED: STANDARD HS-LS3-1. Develop and use a model to describe why structural changes to genes (mutations) located on chromosomes may affect proteins and may result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects to the structure and function of the organism. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on conceptual understanding that changes in genetic material may result in making different proteins.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include specific changes at the molecular level, mechanisms for protein synthesis, or specific types of mutations.] STANDARD CORE IDEA: HS3.A: Inheritance of Traits Genes are located in the chromosomes of cells, with each chromosome pair containing two variants of each of many distinct genes. Each distinct gene chiefly controls the production of specific proteins, which in turn affects the traits of the individual. Changes (mutations) to genes can result in changes to proteins, which can affect the structures and functions of the organism and thereby change traits. (HS-HS3-1) In addition to variations that arise from sexual reproduction, genetic information can be altered because of mutations. Though rare, mutations may result in changes to the structure and function of proteins. Some changes are beneficial, others harmful, and some neutral to the organism. (HS-LS3-1) MATH STANDARD: (6.RP.A.3 Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve mathematical problems.) ELA STANDARD: WHST.6 8.2 (Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas) 2.1 Write fictional or autobiographical narratives: a. Develop a standard plot line (having a beginning, conflict, rising action, climax, and denouement) and point of view. b. Develop complex major and minor characters and a definite setting. c. Use a range of appropriate strategies (e.g., dialogue; suspense) Scenario: Professor M. Xavier, of the Xavier Institute, has been commissioned by the President of the united States, to expand his research into gene mutations and develop a new research wing in his facility, dedicated to exploring and developing new mutant genes ,which would benefit the human race and protect our people from unforeseen events, of both natural and unnatural phenomena. You have been selected to apply for a position at the “The Xavier Institute of Genetics”. Successful candidates will demonstrate their knowledge of DNA structure, Gene Mutations and relevant phenomena, to design and genetically engineer a new breed of Super Hero, that will help facilitate, improve the safety of and help protect the development of the human race against unforeseen events and circumstances. You may work alone. You will be expected to: 1. Pass an interview and be accepted into the Institute, by producing an oral presentation to describe the structure of DNA, Genetic Mutations and how they are caused. 2. Complete your research packet issued by “The Xavier Institute of Genetics”. 3. Showcase your research and findings in an open house event. 4. Pass the test on DNA (found on the capstone course)–> Check for Learning You have 10 class days to complete this assignment. The assignment will be completed in class, and must remain in class at all times. You will be awarded 100 points. Oral presentation: 25 Research Packet: 25 Showcase: 25 DNA model: 25 The Xavier Institute of Genetics Dear Applicant, 2210 Graymalkin Lane, Salem Center, Westchester New York, 121367 It is with great pleasure that I inform you that you have been selected by our leading team of scientists, including myself to interview for a position within “The Xavier Institute for Genetics”, a government funded research facility commissioned by the President of the United States. Successful applicants will enjoy working amongst a team of leading edge, next generation scientists, shaping the future of genetics and gene mutation. This position also holds a six figure salary, with opportunity for growth and development, within the Xavier Institute of Genetics. We are looking for responsible individuals like yourself who are; hard working, dedicated team members, who strive to push forward the boundaries of science and have an interest in exploring and developing new mutant genes, which would benefit the human race and protect our people from unforeseen events, of both natural and un natural phenomena. Your interview will be on __________________________________________________________. Please arrive on time. Successful candidates will demonstrate their knowledge of DNA Structure, Gene Mutations, and relevant phenomena, demonstrating their ability to design and genetically engineer a new breed of Super Hero that will help facilitate and improve the safety of and help protect the development of the human race against unforeseen events and circumstances. We Look forward to meeting you, Yours Faithfully. Charles Xavier Professor M. Xavier (Founder and Executive Director of The Xavier institute of Genetics) 1. Create a brainstorm to explore some of the issues that the human race are facing in the world of today. Are these issues natural phenomena such as weather, climate related, in the form of tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes and pollution? Or are they related to unnatural phenomena such as war, stemming from physical conflict, between countries and civilizations? Natural Phenomena (example Weather) Un natural phenomena 2. Now that you have explored the varying issues that are effecting the human race you need to select one or two areas which you will use as your focus in creating your new breed of genetically engineered Super Hero. Question: What ability will my Super Hero have? How will this ability benefit and protect the development of the human race. WHST.6 8.2 (Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Create your Super Hero. Describe what you hope your Super Hero will look like, their personality, and character traits. Physical description: _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Personality: ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Character Traits: ______________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _ 4. Draw your Super Hero, include labels of key features, with annotated notes. 4. Here are some templates, you may research other templates to help you design your Super Hero, using google search “Superhero Templates”. 5. You need to include a scale so that it is possible to tell how big your Super Hero is in real life. (6.RP.A.3 Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve mathematical problems.) It is required that you state the height and dimensions of your Super Hero in standard metric units and conventional units. Example: Height in Feet and inches_____________________ Height in Meters and centimeters_____________ You will then have to use a ratio to create a scale. For example 1 cm might equal 10cm. This is something that you will have to work out so that it fits with your particular diagram. 6. In order to create your new breed of genetically engineered Super Hero you need to be able to explain the structure of DNA to your interview panel. The best way to do this would be to have a detailed model. The more that you can share about your model the more impressed your panel of judges will be, resulting in a higher score and an increased chance of getting accepted into the institute. Describe the structure of DNA. What does it look like? How does its shape relate to its function? ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ You need to focus your mind. You really need to Show proficiency when describing the structure of DNA, otherwise they will laugh you right out of the room! I believe in you! M. Xavier 6. Build your DNA model. Think about materials. Then think about what key structures you need to show in you model. Remember that your model needs to be big enough to show to your teacher. Try to make the model very visual, include all of the key details and add labels, you need to convince your panel that you know what you are talking about. 7. Explain what chromosomes are and how they are linked to DNA, Cells, and Genes. 8. Draw a Karyotype to show all of the chromosomes that are found in a human organism. 9. Identify which chromosome you will need to manipulate in order to create your new breed of genetically engineered Super Hero. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes you will need to pinpoint which chromosome you will be working with 10. Your research team needs to find all of the required combinations that can be made from the RNA so that they can find the right amino acids needed to make the protein which will provide your Super Hero with special ability. The DNA bases are: _____________, ________________, _______________, __________________ The RNA bases are: ______________, ________________, ________________, ______________ In RNA the base Thymine changes to _________________. All of the other bases remain the same. The base pairs for DNA are : The Base pairs for mRNA and tRNA are: 11. mRNA will code for 64 different codons. Each codon will code for an amino acid. These amino acids will then code for a protein. Once we have the correct XClass protein our Super Hero will have the desired character traits. There are 3 bases in a codon, and each base can be one of 4 possibilities G,A,C,U. Use the table to work out all of the possible combinations for each codon Third Base First Base Second Base 12. Explain what a mutation is: ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 13. Draw a diagram to show how a mutation can occur in a sequence of DNA or RNA, add labels to your diagram. you might want to put this on a larger piece of paper to show your interview panel. You really need to impress them to get the position. 14. In order to create your desired character traits for your Super Hero, you will need to make sure that the DNA mutation results in the correct protein being synthesized. The correct protein will then give your Super Hero the desired characteristic. Describe the process of Protein Synthesis. (break it down into 4 steps) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Draw a diagram to show how the ribosome creates a polypeptide chain of amino acids. ( you may need to attach extra sheets) 15. Your lab partner managed to create some of the amino acids that were required to synthesize the correct mutant protein. Unfortunately, he got sick and you need to complete his work. Match the amino acids which are transported by the tRNA molecules to the correct bases to complete his research. tRNA mRNA 16. The mRNA has not mutated correctly, and you need to make 5 mutations within the RNA base codons. Find these codons and state which bases they need to mutate into. The code to make the protein for super X is 1-1-2-3-4-1-2-3-1-12-3. tRNA START CODON 2. 3 mRNA A 4. G 1. END CODON UAA 17. Your research assistant wants to verify the names of the amino acids that are needed to make the protein. Use your Codon Table that you completed to provide them with the correct names. Codon 1 codes for the amino acid __________________________ Codon 2 Codes for the amino acid___________________________ Codon 3 codes for the amino acid___________________________ Codon 4 codes for the amino acid __________________________ The amino acids needed to make the protein for super X are: 1-1-2-3-4-1-2-3-1-1-2-3. Which sections of mRNA will form the correct tRNA codons and the desired amino acids? Circle each correct strand. 1. UAC UAC GGA GAA GAA ACG AUG CCU GAA AUG AUG CCU 2. UAC UAC GGA CUU UGC UAC GGA CUU UAC UAC GGA CUU 3. UAC UAC GGA CUU UGC UAC GGA CUU UAC UUC GGA CUU 4. UAC UAC GGA CUA UGC UAC GGA CUU UAC UAC GGA CUU 5. UAC UAC GGA CUU UGC UAC GGA CUU UAC TAC GGA CUU Which mRNA strand might have received one small mutation? Indicate which codon this was by placing a circle around it. Mutant X Academy Fun Lab MATERIALS: String, colored beads, scissors METHOD: Use the genetic code below to create your own DNA bracelet, which contains the X protein. UAC UAC GGA CUU UGC UAC GGA CUU UAC UAC GGA CUU Place the beads onto the string by selecting the correct amino acid for each tRNA codon. END DIAGRAM: CODONS UAC = RED GGA= BLUE CUU= YELLOW UGC = GREEN START EXTRA: Create your own code by using codons and letters of the alphabet, then see if someone can make your DNA bracelet. Example, UAC=A, UUC=B etc. …
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