Differentiate between acts of cyber-espionage from simple criminal acts or an act of hacktivism? Provide detailed examples

Differentiate between acts of cyber-espionage from simple criminal acts or an act of hacktivism? Provide detailed examples.

 

300 words

 

 

Use the following as references

 

Kenney, M. (2015). Cyber-terrorism in a post-stuxnet world. Orbis59(1), 111-128. (18 pages), (Accessible via the weekly reading folder within the resources section).

 

Kramer, Franklin D., et.al. (Eds) From Cyberspace to Cyberpower: Cyber Power and National Security, Chapter 18, “Cyber Crime” 415-436 (32 pages); Chapter 19, “Cyber Terrorism: Menace or Myth” 437-464 (28 pages)

 

Mandiant, APT1: Exposing One of China’s Cyber Espionage Units, (2013) (Accessible via the weekly reading folder within the resources section).