Background

This lesson focuses on the growth of slavery in the period 1790-1820. In the American Constitution, the Founders specified that an accurate count of the number of citizens in the country had to be made every 10 years. This was to ensure that the number of congressional districts kept up with population growth and, thus, the House of Representatives would truly represent all citizens. Generally, white men of a certain age with some property were able to vote in these congressional districts and in their states, yet congressional representation was based on the total number of all people, including women, children, slaves, and indentured servants.

In the case of slaves, including them in the census count was a problem, as they were considered property rather than human beings; yet the southern states feared a loss of legislative power if slaves were not included in the count. The Founders, therefore, crafted a compromise in the Constitution to appease slave states: the new republic would count all slaves but only include three-fifths of their number when formulating congressional districts.

The official census bureau was not founded until 1840; before then, marshals of the state courts were supposed to conduct a census every 10 years, a much less accurate process than the one later conducted by the federal government. In fact, the 1800 census was particularly poorly done and presents problems when we do a decade-by-decade comparison. Therefore, this exercise will measure the growth of slavery using these two data points — 1790 and 1820.

Source

For this activity, Source and Analyze the Evidence sections are combined. Please continue to Analyze the Evidence.

Analyze the Evidence

Questions

According to Winterer, as the US gained territory in the early Southwest (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, etc.), slaves began to be sold from the old slave states of Virginia and Maryland to the new slave states in these territories. What was the percentage population of slaves to total population in the states in 1790 compared to the percentage population in 1820?

Instructions: Fill out the white boxes in the chart below using these calculation instructions.

First, note that some of the states did not report census figures for slaves or total population in a year, so you will not be able to do the calculations in grayed out boxes. Please complete the calculations in the white boxes. In the first column of white boxes (1790) and the second column (1820), you will make the same calculation: the percentage of the state’s population that was slave. Let us take Connecticut as an example.

In 1790 in Connecticut, there were 2,764 slaves out of a total population of 237,946. To determine the percentage of slaves, divide the slave population by the total population using this formula. You will note that the slave population was very small at 1.16%.

2,764 ÷ 237,946 = .0116 × 100 = 1.16%

Do the same formula for 1820 in Connecticut. While the total population of Connecticut grew in 30 years, the slave population reduced dramatically to .008% of the total.

25 ÷ 297,675 = .00000839 × 100 = .008%

Now we are going to calculate the percent change in column 3, which will tell us how much Connecticut’s slave population shrank in 30 years. We will be using only the slave figures to make this calculation. Take Connecticut’s slave population in 1820 (25) and subtract it from the slave population in 1790 (2,764), and you will get a negative number of -2,739. Then you will divide the negative number by the population of slaves in 1790, which gets you the negative figure of -.99, which you multiply by 100 to create a negative percentage of -99%. The percent change of -99% indicates not only that slavery in Connecticut declined over 30 years but that it plummeted and was close to disappearing.

25 – 2,764 = -2,739 ÷ 2,764 = -.99 × 100 = -99%

Finally, in the last row make the same three calculations on the US population.

Percent Change in Slavery in the North and the South, 1790-1820

	Population in 1790			Population in 1820
State /Territory	Total	Slave	% of Slave	Total	Slave	% of Slave	Slave % Change,1790 v. 1820
Alabama				309,527	117,549
Connecticut	237,946	2,764		297,675	25
Delaware	59,094	8,887		76,748	3,292
District of Columbia				39,834	6,119
Georgia	82,548	29,264		516,823	217,531
Indiana				343,031	3
Illinois				157,445	747
Kentucky	73,677	12,430		687,917	165,213
Louisiana				215,739	109,588
Maine	96,540	0		399,437	6
Massachusetts	378,787	0		610,408	4
Maryland	319,728	103,036		447,040	102,994
Mississippi				136,621	65,659
Missouri				140,455	25,091
New Hampshire	141,885	158		269,328	5
New Jersey	184,139	11,423		320,823	2,254
New York	340,120	4,654		1,918,608	76
North Carolina	393,751	100,572		737,987	245,601
Ohio				935,884	6
Pennsylvania	434,373	3,737		1,348,233	403
Rhode Island	68,825	948		97,199	14
South Carolina	249,073	107,094		581,185	315,401
Tennessee				681,903	141,603
Vermont	85,539	16		280,657	0
Virginia	747,610	292,627		1,211,405	469,757
Southwest Territory	35,691	3,417
Arkansas Territory				30,388	4,576
Florida Territory				34,730	15,501
Michigan Territory				31,639	32
Totals	3,929,326	681,027		12,858,669	2,009,050

Using the information gained from the chart, answer these two questions. How did the change in slave population over 30 years in Virginia and Maryland compare to the slave population of Deep South states like Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina? Do these statistics support Winterer’s argument?

Compare the slave populations of the Southern states with the New England States, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. What seems to be happening to slavery in the North and the South?