Factors That Determine Whether or Not a Paraphilia Is Harmful Discussion

I don’t know how to handle this Psychology question and need guidance.

Are paraphilias harmful? Which paraphilias involve other nonconsenting people or a violation of the rights of others? Are there any that could NOT involve nonconsenting people or a violation of the rights of others?

Could a paraphilia be harmful even if the two people involved are consenting adults? How?

Could a paraphilia be harmful if even another person is not involved? How? Could it be harmful even if the person practicing the paraphilia does not believe it to be harmful? How?